Shaving machine



Jan. 16, 1945. J. c. GARAND SHAVING MACHINE Filed Nov. 18, 1942 2Sheets-Sheet 1 grwc/M'o'v lmhn Ejarand g; WvwW-M Jan. 16, 1945. J. c. GRAN SHAVING MACHINE Filed Nov. 18, 1942 2 Sheets-Sheet 2' Patented Jan.16. 1945 I UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE SHAVING MACHINE John G. Garand,Springfield, Mass. ApplicationNovember 18, 1942, Serial No. 466,090 7(Granted underfth e act of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, 1928; 3700. G. 757) 9 Claims.

The invention described herein may be manu factured and used by or forthe Government for governmental purposes, without the payment to withinvery close limits. This is necessarily so because the highbreech-pressures involved in modern firearms require that exceptionallyclose tolerances be maintained at such a critical point. On mostfirearms some form of locking lugs is provided on the bolt which engagesuitable locking surfaces in the receiver to withstand these high breechpressures. Even with modern machine tool equipment, it is extremelydiflicultto hold the very close tolerances required in the headspacingof a firearm. r

It is important that the receiver locking surfaces be. out true andsmooth in order that the locking lugs of the bolt will bear squarelyagainst the locking surfaces in the receiver. 'The locking formed firstin a machine tool. As'the locking lugs are usually inaccessiblylocated'withinthe receiver, finish machining of these lugs byconventional machine tool methods is very difficult. The difficultyisincreasedby the fact that such surfaces should generally be somewhathelical.

Accordingly it is an object of this invention'to surfaces in thereceiver :are generally rough Fig. 4 is cross sectional view of Fig. 1taken along the plane 4--4. Fig. 5 is a fragmentary view of a firearmreceiver showing the boltlocking lugs. The receiver is shown in thisview turned in the opposite direction from the position it occupies whenplaced on the machine.

InFig. 1 there is shown in assembled relation a shaving fixtureembodying this invention. A U- shaped base I has two upwardly projectingarms 2 and 3. The arm 2 is somewhat longerand wider than the arm 3. Nearthe topof the arm 2 a transverse hole 4 is provided to receive a shaftwhich will be presently described. An arouate surface5 is formed at thetop of the arm 2 on a radius swung from the axis of the hole 4. Shortlongitudinal indexing graduations 6 extending rearwardly from the innerface I of the arm 2 are provided on the arcuate surface 5 on the top ofarm 2 (Fig. 2).

Threaded holes 8 and 9 are centrally provided in the bottoms of the arms2and 3 respectively.

' a suitably threaded hole In in the arm 3'. The

provide a shaving fixture for making highly accurate cuts on relativelyinaccessible surfaces within a metal body.

Another object of this invention is to provide a shaving fixture forremoving metal from the locking surfaces of a firearm receiver on ahelical lead to producesmoo'thly finished highly' accu rate lockingsurfaces. I

A particular'object of this invention is to pro vide a shaving fixturewhich will produce a"fin-' ished locking surface on the locking lugs ofa receiver for a firearm such as disclosed in my prior U. S. Patent No.1,892,141.

The specific nature of the invention, as well as other objects andadvantages thereof will clearly appear from a description of a preferredI embodiment as shown in the accompanying drawingsin which: I

Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of. the shaving machine asshownin Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the shaving machine. I

Fig. 3 is a left end elevational view of Fig. 2.

end plate I4 is also secured to base plate II by the screws 24 and 25threadably inserted in suitable holes provided on the bottom edge of theend plate I4 and the base I I. V

The arm I5 of the U-shaped end plate I4 is slightly longer than the armI6 as shown in Fig. 3. Steps I1 and I8 are formed on the inside edge ofthe U-shaped recess I9 on the arms I5 and I6 respectively. Near thebottom edge of the U- shaped recess I9 there is. provided a transversehole 20 in arm I5 to receive a stop 26. The stop 26 is a bolt-likemember having a shaft portion 21 and a cylindrical head 28. The shaftportion is inserted into the hole 20 so that the. cylindrical head 28faces the recess I9. Directly opposite the hole 20 there is provided atransverse hole 2I in the arm I6.v The hole 2| is suitably counterboredto receive a plunger 29. The plunger 29 is biased outwardly into therecess I9 by a spring 3I pro vided in back of the plunger in thecounterbored hole 2I. An integral shoulder 30 provided on the plunger 29strikes the bottom of the counterbored hole 2I thereby preventing theplunger 29 from passing out of'the hole 21.. A -screw 32 retains thespring and plunger within the hole 2|.

shaft 33 (Fig. 1) is inserted in the hole 4 in the arm 2. Approximatelyin the center 'of shaft 33, there is provided an enlarged portion 34. Asviewed in Fig. 1 the left shoulder of the enlarged portion 34 is cut ona helical lead to form a helical cam surface 35. A cutter 1B which willbe described is mounted on the shaft portion adjacent the cam surface35. The end 36 of shaft 33 is chamfered to facilitate mounting thecutter 18. To the right of the enlarged portion 34 there is provided asuitably turned portion 31 of somewhat smaller diameter than theenlarged portion 34 to receive a ratchet 40.

The ratchet 40 is a cylindrical member provided with an integralexterior threaded axially projecting hub 4|. An axial hole 42 isprovided in the ratchet to mount the ratchet on the portion 31 of shaft33.

riphery of the ratchet 40. On the face of the ratchet 40 adjacent thethreaded hub 4| there are provided equally spaced slightly raisedbearing surfaces 44 (Fig. 3). On the opposite face of ratchet 40arecess-45 is provided (Fig. 1). The ratchet 40 is placed on the shaft 33with the threaded hub 4| adjacent the right side of the enlargedportion-34 of the shaft 33.

The remaining portion of the shaft adjacent the portion 31 of the shaft33 is somewhatsmaller in diameter to pass through the hole 4. The end 38of shaft 33 is suitably threaded to receive a nut 46. Adjacent therecess45 of the ratchet 40 a spring washer 39 is mounted on shaft 33 andadjacent the washer 39 there is placed a collar 51. The collar 51 is athin cylindrical washerlike member having a reduced diameter end portion58 to receive a lever 41 which will be presently described. A collar 59similar to the collar T, comprising a head 60 and areduced diameter endportion 6| is mounted on the shaft 33 with the portion 6| adjacentportion 5B of the collar 51. A key 52 inserted into a suitable key slotin shaft 33 and the collar 59 secures the collar 59 in locked-relationto shaft 33.

Two oppositely disposed fiat milled surfaces (Fig. 4) 63 and 64 arecentrally provided-on that portion of shaft 33 which is mounted in thearm 2. In the arm 2 two oppositely disposed set screws 65 and'66'areinserted in a suitably thread- 7 Evenly spaced horizontal serrations 43(Fig. 2) are provided onthe peed transverse hole-6l in the arm 2 whichjust clears thebotton'rof the hole 4. The set screws 65 and 65 thus maybear against the flat milled surfaces 63 and 54 respectively. The shaft33 is inserted in the hole 4 inthe arm 2 with head 60 of collar59-adjacent face 1 of the arm 2 and is secured to the arm 2 by the nut46. The head the lever 41 on the reduced diameter portions 58 and 6| ofthe collars 51 and 59, respectively mounted on the shaft 33. Sufficientclearance is providedbetween the collars 51 and 59 to permit the lever41 to be rotatedfreely about the collars 5l'and59. The lugs and 5| limitthe rotational movement of lever 41 in either directionbyengagementwith-base Two pawls 68 and 69 are centrally mounted within the slot 54by a pin 13 which is inserted in a suitable transverse hole in lever 41passing through the slot 54 and the transverse holes and 9| respectivelyprovided near the lower edge of one corner of each of the pawls 68 and69. Upwardly inclined arcuate surfaces 92 and 93 are respectivelyprovided near the hole 10 on the pawls 68 and 59. The corner oppositethe arcuate surface H is rectangularly formed. A sharp projection 12 isprovided On both pawls 68 and 69 by the juncture of the upwardlyinclined arcuate surfaces 92 and 93 and the opposite side. Two holes 14and"|5 are provided in the base of each pawl 68.and69.to.receive springs16 and 1'! respectively which are mounted in recesses 56 in leverextension 53 and act to bias the pawls upwardly.

Apin 88 (Fig. l) is inserted in a transverse hole ID in the arm 3. Thepin 88 has a forwardly projecting portion 89 of. smaller diameter whichextends under. .the ratchet-40'. The pin 88; is slightly offset with;respect: to: the vertical. position the lever 41 and ispositionedinthearm.3 in such a manner that the arcuate surface 1 on the pawls 5B? and;B9; bearsv against the. forwardly projecting portion: 99,: of thepin8.8. The pin. 88 beingoffset with respect tothe vertical. centralpositionof the lever 41 is thus eccentric with-respect tothe pawls'59-and 69: as the pin; 13- about which the; pawls pivot. is 'on'the,same center of rotation; as that OfT1eVerJ4]; Therefore 1 one;pawl willbe closer to; the pinzi88 thanthe other and one of the pawlswilhmovethe-ratchet:.40:farther than the other. T-husrreciprocationof. the lever41 gradually advances the. ratchet 40 in.-.a counterclockwise-directionasviewed-imFig. 4. This will be describeddm moreqdetaillater.

A shaving cutter I8 ofzsuitable: tool steel is slidably mounted on-;the,shaft 313. .Thecutter 18 (Eigs.z2:and-.3) comprises a tubular bodylarand alheadfifl; Qnzthesrightshand end of theaheadflfl there isprovided aqhelical .surface:-.c.orresponding to-the helicalqsurfaceprovided on the cam. 35.-

Two oppositely disposedlintegrallyformed. lugs 8| and-r82 are, providedion" the headzBfl. of the cutter l8. The-lefty hand;- edges ofthe1ugs.:8.l- 2.116.118} as viewed in Fig. )2: are. suitably. ground toform the cutting edges-;of.thescutter 18. It is of course. possible inthe: interest: of, rechicingv the amount of" tool steel required,'toform the bodyofthe; cutter; of ordinary steel: and to) Weld or brazethe lugsea-h andz82iof. suitablertoolsteel to the body of the cutter.threaded hole 33.: inithe projecting; lug 3|. in which is screwed .ahandle 8x6. isprevented from turninglby a locknnutwm. Lugs 84. andr85are provided ion: handle 786: which con.- tact suitable stops 98 (Figs.2:3J1d1' 3;) onzthe up.- standing arms |5.'and' Hi to vlimit rotation ofthe handle 86. a

To shave the locking surfaces on the interior of a receiver..94. (Fig.5) the cutter 181s inserted. within the receiver. The proportions ofcutter l8 aresuch as tov render.itQreadilyinsertabl inthe cartridgeloading. and/or ejection. opening customarily provided'linfirearmreceivers. The cutter and'receiver are then placed'over'theshaft 33 withthe receiver'turned end for end'from its position shown in Fig. 5 andthe threaded end of the receiver brought to bear againstv the threadedhub 41' of 'the-ratchetfl: -The ratchet 4-0 is then turned in acounter-clockwisedirection as viewed in Fig. 4 to engage threads -intheend' of -the receiver. 'The lever 4T- is however There .is, provided. a

The: handle 1 86 not dull these cuttingedges. The lever 41 is then movedin a counterclockwise direction and simultaneously the pawl 68 engagesthe ratchet 4i! and firstrotated in a counter-clockwise .dire'ction asviewed in- Fig.4 as far as it will go tobring the pawl 69 against theportion 89 of .pin 88 and thus out of engagement 'with' the ratchet4ll.. The pawl 68 will of course slide over the serrated surface on theratchet 40 as the ratchet isfscrewed into the receiver. Hence thereceiver 94 is drawn towards the ratchet until the lugs 82 and8l on thecutter 18 contact-the locking lugs 96. and 91 respectively within thereceiver 94. The receiver is held against rotation between stop 26 andspring biased plunger 29. It should be mentioned that prior to shavingthe locking lugs within the receiver, the device should be adjusted bymeans of the adjusting screws 65 and 66 so that when operating thefixture the locking lugs 96 and 91 will be cut to the proper finisheddimension. "This is readily accomplished 'byloosening the adjustingscrews 65 and 66 and manually rotating the shaft 33 slightly. Thismovementsimultaneously rotates the cam 35 and moves the adjacent cutter18 to either the right or left along the shaft 33 depending whether theshaft was rotated inv a clockwise or counter clockwise direction. -Whenthe cuttin edges of'the lugs 8| and 82 are at the correct headspacedistance from the face adjacent the hub 4| of the ratchet 40 asdetermined by a suitable gauge the shaft is locked in this position byagain tightening the screws 65 and 6G.

The cutter is first placed in position so that the cutting edges'of thelugs 8| and 82 just contact the locking lugs 86 and 91 respectivelywithin the receiver 94. The lever 41 is then rotated in acounterclockwise direction as viewed in Fig. 4 until the lug i]contacts'the base i. When the lever 4! is moved in this direction thepawl 68 under the bias of spring 16 engages one of the serrations 43 onthe ratchet 40 and rotates the ratchet 4|] a distance equivalent toabout two notches in a corresponding direction. Lug 5i] engages base ito limit this movement. When the ratchet has been advanced this amount,the pawl 68 strikes the forwardly projecting'end 89 of pin 88 and isrocked out of engagement with the serration 43 therebystopping furtherrotation of the ratchet. The pawl 69 rides over the serrations43.without engagementtherein when the lever 41 is rotated in thisdirection; This brings the receiver ahead a slight amount and intoposition for the first shaving cut. The handle 86 is then rotated in aclockwise direction as viewed in Fig. 3. This movement passes thecutting edges of lugs 8| and 82 across-the face of the lockinglugs inthe receiver, thereby shaving off a small amount of material. Theengagement of lug 85 with stop'98 limits this movement.

The lever 41 is then rotated in a clockwise direction as viewed" in Fig.4 until the lug 5| strikes thebase I. in a clockwise direction, the pawl68 is pressed out of engagement with the serrations 43 due to the shapeof the engaging surfaces and the pawl 69 engages one of these serrations43 and backs off the ratchet one serration. When the ratchet has beenbacked off a distance equivalent to one notch, the pawl 69 strikes theportion 89 of pin 88 thus limiting further rotation of the ratchet 40.At this point the-lug 5| strikes the base I to prevent injury to thepawls. The cutter I8 is then rotated in acounterclockwise direction bythe handle SB'to be in position for making anto the vertical position ofthe lever 41. it is pos-.

sible for the pawls to engage the ratchetlin the manner describedabove, 1. e., one pawl advancing the'receiver 94 two notches into thecutters and the other pawl backing olf the receiver 94 one notchwhenthe-lever is rotated in the opposite direction. The operation ofmoving the lever.

47 and the handle 86 of the cutter i8 is repeated until the face of thereceiver 94 abuts the adjoiningiaces 440i the ratchet 48. At this pointthe proper amount of metal has been removed from the locking lugs andthe receiver is removed'from the fixture by unscrewing the ratchet 40manually and withdrawing the receiver and cutter from the shaft 33. Thereceiver isheld in a-fixed position while on the fixture by the springbiased plunger 29 which bears against one side of the receiver and holdsit properly located.

I claim:

.1. A machine for shaving interior surfaces of a hollow work piecehaving a threaded portion comprising a base, means on said base arrangedto engage the threaded portion of the work piece, a tool body rotatablymounted on said base and arranged to extend within said work piece, acutter mounted on said tool body, means for rotating said tool body, andmeans for rotating said first mentioned means to advance the work piecewith respect to the cutter by means of the.

threaded engagement between the work piece and said first mentionedmeans.

2. 'A machine for helically shaving interior surfaces of a hollow workpiece comprising a base,

When the lever 41 is pushed I threaded means on said base arranged toengage and support a work piece, a tool body rotatably mounted on saidbase and arranged to extend within said work piece, a cutter mounted onsaid tool body, a helical surface on the end of said tool body, a memberfixed on said base having a helical surface arranged to lie in abutmentwith said tool body helical surface, means for rotating said tool body,and means for rotating said threaded means to advance the work piecewith respect to the cutter.

3. A shaving machine comprising a base, a bracket, a shaft secured insaid bracket, a threaded collar on said shaft arranged to threadablyengage work piece and secure it in sur-. rounding relation to saidshaft, a cutter having a hollow cylindrical body arranged to be mountedon said shaft within the'work piece, means for a hollow cylindrical bodyarranged to. be mounted on said shaft within the work piece, means forreciprocating said cutter about said shaft, a lever mounted on saidshaft f or limited pivotal movementi'thereon, an-di ratchet meansinterconnect;- ing saidlever and saidcollar whereby pivotalreciprocation: of, said lever rotates said collar-and advances the workpiece with respect. to the cutter.

5. A helical shaving machine comprising a. base, a bracket, a-shaftsecurediinasaidbracket, a threaded collar on said shaftarranged tothreadably engage, a work piece and, secure it insurroundingrelationtolsaid shaft, a cutter having a hollow cylindrical body arranged to bemounted onsaid shaft'iwithin the work :piece, a. first helical surfaceon the end of said cutter, a second helical surface-onsaid shaft inabutment with said first helical surface, means for rotatingv saidcutter; and. means for rotating said collar whereby the work piece maybe advanced with respect, to said cutter. I

6. 'A shaving machine comprising a base, a bracket, a shaft secured insaid bracket, a threaded collar on said shaft arranged tolthreadablyengagera work piece and secure itin surrounding-relation to-tsaid shaft,alcutter having a hollowscylindricalbody arranged to be mounted onvsaidshaftwithin the work piece, means for reciprocating; saidcutter aboutsaidshaft, a lever mounted on said shaft forlimited, pivotal move.-rnent thereon a plurality of. serrations in the periphery of saidcollar, a pairxof pawls on said lever resiliently engageable in saidserrations, each pawl respectively operative to rotate said collarinopposite directions, and pawl disengaging meansnonconcentricallylocated with respect to said :pawls whereby reciprocation of. said.lever produces a net rotation of said collar to advance the Work piecewithlrespect to the cutter.

:7;A,.,helica1, shaving machine comprising a base, aibracket, ashaftsecured inv said bracket, a'; threaded collar on saidshaft arrangedto threadably-engage artwork-piece. and secureit in surrounding:-relation to said shaft, a cutter having;.a- :hollow cylindrical body.arranged to be mountedtontsaidcshaft'within the .work piece, a firsthelical. surface on the, end of said cutter; a second helicalsurface on.said shaft in abutment with said :firstl helical surface, means forreciprocating said cutteraboutasaid. shaft, av levermountedionsaidtshaft for limitedpivotal movement" thereon, a'pluralityof serrations on the periphery ofrsaid collar, a pairof: pawls on saidlever. resiliently engageable in said serrations, eachspawl respectivelyoperative, to, rotate said collar inoppositedirections, and pawldisengaging;meansnonconcentrically-located with respect to: saidtpawlswhereby reciprocation, ofsaidlever producesaaynet. rotation orlsaidcollar to. advance theiworkgpiece-with respectto the cutter.

18. A shaving i machine as in claim 5-.plusmeans folrlimiting'theadvance of the-work piece-With respect to: the cutteruand means. foradjusting therradial position ofgsaid secondhelical surface therebydetermining. the-depth of the shaving operation. v

9; Arshaving machine as, in claim 7..p1us means for limiting'the-advanceof, the work piece with respecttowthe-cutter andmeanslfor adjusting theradial position of said' second helical surface thereby: determining:the: depth of the shaving operation.

JOHN C. GARAND.

